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The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century, by Vladimir Tismaneanu
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The Devil in History is a provocative analysis of the relationship between communism and fascism. Reflecting the author’s personal experiences within communist totalitarianism, this is a book about political passions, radicalism, utopian ideals, and their catastrophic consequences in the twentieth century’s experiments in social engineering. Vladimir Tismaneanu brilliantly compares communism and fascism as competing, sometimes overlapping, and occasionally strikingly similar systems of political totalitarianism. He examines the inherent ideological appeal of these radical, revolutionary political movements, the visions of salvation and revolution they pursued, the value and types of charisma of leaders within these political movements, the place of violence within these systems, and their legacies in contemporary politics.
The author discusses thinkers who have shaped contemporary understanding of totalitarian movements—people such as Hannah Arendt, Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Albert Camus, François Furet, Tony Judt, Ian Kershaw, Leszek Kolakowski, Richard Pipes, and Robert C. Tucker. As much a theoretical analysis of the practical philosophies of Marxism-Leninism and Fascism as it is a political biography of particular figures, this book deals with the incarnation of diabolically nihilistic principles of human subjugation and conditioning in the name of presumably pure and purifying goals. Ultimately, the author claims that no ideological commitment, no matter how absorbing, should ever prevail over the sanctity of human life. He comes to the conclusion that no party, movement, or leader holds the right to dictate to the followers to renounce their critical faculties and to embrace a pseudo-miraculous, a mystically self-centered, delusional vision of mandatory happiness.
- Sales Rank: #958785 in Books
- Brand: Brand: University of California Press
- Published on: 2012-09-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.20" w x 6.20" l, 1.25 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 336 pages
Features
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"[A] fine and undoubtedly enduring study."--William Pfaff"New York Review of Books" (06/20/2013)
"This volume achieves the rare distinction of being at once nuanced and impassioned. It is likely to remain a durable contribution to a deeper understanding of the great historical outrages of the past century which were closely linked to the concept and reality of totalitarianism."--Paul Hollander"New Criterion" (04/01/2013)
"An ambitious and challenging rereading of twentieth-century history."--John Gray"Times Literary Supplement (TLS)" (01/02/2012)
"A definitive account of the origins, the appeal, the doctrinal foundations and the political technology of history's two bloodiest political faiths . . . this profound and rich book is also a cautionary tale."--Leon Aron"Wall Street Journal" (01/12/2013)
"The parallels between communism and fascism have often been noted, fueling endless debates over whether the movements were fundamentally similar or different. The Devil in History . . . presents a genuinely fresh perspective on this topic."--Andrew Nagorski"Foreign Affairs" (01/01/2013)
"At a time when liberal values are showing their frailty and salvationist mythologies are returning to favour in different places, an absorbing comparative essay is provided on the origins, ravages and ultimate failure of the radical totalitarian movements of the last century: communism and fascism. Vladimir Tismaneanu is an appropriate guide, a polymath steeped in the philosophical, literary and social science texts spawned by defenders, apostates and analysts of this phenomenon."--Tom Gallagher"International Affairs" (09/01/2012)
"Tismaneanu's real concern is to examine what he calls the 'maximalist utopian aspirations' expressed by communist and fascist regimes in Europe to try to understand how it is that systems that set out with a utopian agenda--world revolution or national rebirth--end up constructing murderous dystopias. There is a consensus in the Western world that these were 'delusional visions', as Tismaneanu calls them, but both European communism and fascism have died as mainstream political forces, making it easier to see them as deluded. The core of this perceptive and intelligent analysis is addressed to the more troubling question of how they were possible at all."--Richard Overy"Times Higher Education" (09/13/2012)
"The book offers a fascinating read with an incredible wealth of bibliographic sources that will benefit all those interested in the topic. The author has succeeded in giving not only a solid account of the spirituality and history of communist and fascist regimes, but also an outstanding testimony of liberal political and normative thinking."--Camil Roman"Cambridge Review of International Affairs" (05/08/2013)
"Many books have been written about the similarities and differences between communism and fascism, both in theory and practice. None, however, matches the insight, analysis, and deep thought found in The Devil in History."--Ronald Radosh"Weekly Standard" (08/12/2013)
"Tismaneanu seeks to fulfill the ancient Jewish commandment of remembering and reminding, zachor, lest we forget and it may return. . . . Tismaneanu argues convincingly that a reckoning with the past can be both exorcism and therapy, and insists that there should be no silence or thick line separating the present from the embarrassing past. No reader of this book can accuse its author of ignoring the past."--Aviezer Tucker"Perspectives on Politics" (12/01/2013)
"Tismaneanu's lucid narrative walks us through an intellectual landscape that traces the trajectory of totalitarian thinking back to its origins."--J. P. O Malley"The Daily Beast" (09/28/2012)"
"[A] fine and undoubtedly enduring study. This affinity of Leninism with Nazism is the argument of Tismaneanu s book. It is a claim that since 1945, and particularly the Cold War, has generated much controversy. A distinguished book."--William Pfaff"New York Review of Books" (06/20/2013)"
This volume achieves the rare distinction of being at once nuanced and impassioned. It is likely to remain a durable contribution to a deeper understanding of the great historical outrages of the past century which were closely linked to the concept and reality of totalitarianism. --Paul Hollander"New Criterion" (04/01/2013)"
An ambitious and challenging rereading of twentieth-century history. --John Gray"Times Literary Supplement (TLS)" (01/02/2012)"
A definitive account of the origins, the appeal, the doctrinal foundations and the political technology of history's two bloodiest political faiths . . . this profound and rich book is also a cautionary tale. --Leon Aron"Wall Street Journal" (01/12/2013)"
The parallels between communism and fascism have often been noted, fueling endless debates over whether the movements were fundamentally similar or different. The Devil in History . . . presents a genuinely fresh perspective on this topic. --Andrew Nagorski"Foreign Affairs" (01/01/2013)"
Tismaneanu s lucid narrative walks us through an intellectual landscape that traces the trajectory of totalitarian thinking back to its origins. --J. P. O Malley"The Daily Beast" (09/28/2012)"
At a time when liberal values are showing their frailty and salvationist mythologies are returning to favour in different places, an absorbing comparative essay is provided on the origins, ravages and ultimate failure of the radical totalitarian movements of the last century: communism and fascism. Vladimir Tismaneanu is an appropriate guide, a polymath steeped in the philosophical, literary and social science texts spawned by defenders, apostates and analysts of this phenomenon. --Tom Gallagher"International Affairs" (09/01/2012)"
Tismaneanu's real concern is to examine what he calls the maximalist utopian aspirations expressed by communist and fascist regimes in Europe to try to understand how it is that systems that set out with a utopian agenda world revolution or national rebirth end up constructing murderous dystopias. There is a consensus in the Western world that these were delusional visions, as Tismaneanu calls them, but both European communism and fascism have died as mainstream political forces, making it easier to see them as deluded. The core of this perceptive and intelligent analysis is addressed to the more troubling question of how they were possible at all. --Richard Overy"Times Higher Education" (09/13/2012)"
"Vladimir Tismaneanu is the perfect political analyst for today, for he is an expert on both the legacies of Nazism and Communism. In spite of optimistic diagnoses and rampant wishful thinking, these two pathologies are not dead. Vladimir Tismaneanu s illuminating book is an antidote against new experiments in utopian radicalism and social engineering."--Ion Mihai Pacepa"WND" (07/08/2013)"
"The account provided is particularly strong on separating the critical paradigms of Marxism that emerged in East and West. . . . Getting the record straight here is important and challenges any simplistic notion of Eastern Europe s conversion to liberalism."--Richard Shorten"American Historical Review" (12/01/2013)"
From the Inside Flap
“Vladimir Tismaneanu combines enormous erudition, sharp insight, and unique personal experience in this wide-ranging essay on the problems of totalitarianism in the twentieth century. The Devil in History is mandatory reading for those interested in the crucial questions of morality and politics posed by the comparison of Nazism and Stalinism.” —Norman M. Naimark, Robert and Florence McDonnel Professor of Eastern European Studies, Stanford University
“The Devil in History is a lengthy essay on the intellectual origins, crimes, and failures of the twentieth century’s worst totalitarian types of regimes, fascism and communism. There are few scholars as conversant with this material, or as able to explain it as well, as Vladimir Tismaneanu, who gives a good sense of why utopian ideals meant to overcome the ills of capitalist, bourgeois democracy went so sensationally wrong and produced such massive evil.” —Daniel Chirot, co-author of Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder
"The Devil in History is a very important work of intellectual history that considers a basic question of the twentieth century and represents vast and ecumenical learning and well-considered personal experience. It has moments of indubitable brilliance." —Timothy Snyder, author of The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999
“In his revealing new study, Vladimir Tismaneanu traces the intellectual origins of the murderous twentieth century. The focus is on the ideologies of Europe’s totalitarian regimes identified most prominently with the names Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler. Although these characters were amoral and perhaps even psychopathic killers, the author rightly insists that such labels do not explain the popular appeal of the dictators, who were worshipped as if they were gods by crowds of true believers. Even after 1945, new Communist leaders pursued quests for utopia and mounted crusades of their own, all of them doomed to fail. Tismaneanu provides a compelling and convincing account of how this monumental tragedy came to pass.” —Robert Gellately, author of Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
About the Author
Vladimir Tismaneanu is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park, and author of several books, including Stalinism for All Seasons: A History of Romanian Communism (UC Press), Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism and Myth in Post-Communist Europe, and Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel.
Most helpful customer reviews
34 of 37 people found the following review helpful.
Tismaneanu at his best!
By Peter Stone
Vladimir Tismaneanu is a celebrated writer who once described himself as "a scholar of the history of ideas." For some, that subject might sound kind of remote from real life; but certainly not for those who are aware that "ideas which seize the masses become a powerful material force." Tismaneanu's new book convincingly shows that history of ideas is a subject of vital importance for the fate of the world.
In the past one hundred years, our world has suffered from atrocities and destruction of unprecedented scope - all committed in the name of two utopian ideas, communism and fascism. This book examines the question how captivating ideas of philosophers could produce totalitarian regimes with their terrible inhuman practices.
This work marks a new level of excellence in Vladimir Tismaneanu's writing accomplishments. It has instantly gained international recognition and got featured by Times Higher Education as "the book of the week," praised for its "perceptive and intelligent analysis."
Hitler's and Stalin's totalitarian regimes are long gone, but not genocidal acts inspired by hatred and intolerance. Delusional and destructive ideas can still captivate many minds, especially immature or feeble. Hence, the timeliness of this book today. I strongly recommend it to both academic and non-academic readers.
16 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Writing style hides many excellent insights
By Robert Ashton
Few are better qualified to "map and explain ... the "ideological storms" of a century second to none in violence, hubris, ruthlessness, and human sacrifices" as author Vladimir Tismaneanu. Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Maryland, Tismaneanu was born in Communist Romania (his parents had fought in the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War) and he experienced first-hand the collapse of the Soviet system in Eastern Europe. Indeed, there is much of interest in this book particularly in highlighting the commonalities between Fascism and Communism and in his warnings of the dangers of resurgent nationalism. However, repetition, a very turgid style of writing and assumptions of familiarity with writers and critics from within Eastern Europe make sections of the book hard going, even for the reasonably well-informed reader.
The book, although looking at both Fascism and Marxism, is heavily weighted towards the Soviets. This is probably due to the author's own experiences but also to the fact that much of the excess of the Soviet experiment is only recently being fully explored. As Tismaneanu says: "the comparison between Communism and Fascism has been fundamentally tainted ... both by the claim of the original innocence of Leninism ... and by anti-Fascism's long-standing, resounding failure to denounce the murderousness and illiberality of Communist regimes." Some of this imbalance has been addressed by recent books such as "Lenin, Stalin and Hitler" by Robert Gellately and "Bloodlands" by Timothy Snyder, both quoted favorably by Tismaneanu. Although the focus on Communism is understandable I think more analysis of the Fascist regimes, including perhaps Spain and Portugal, would have been enlightening.
His core argument is that both Fascism and Communism had a shared goal of re-shaping the world through the destruction of modern liberal democracy and to, in essence, "build Heaven on Earth". Although one was based on racial purity and the other on class purity, both felt free to persecute and kill almost without constraint. Although the Marxists were clearly atheist and one can debate the religious position of Fascism: "(i)n fact, they were political religions, with their own rituals, prophets, saints, zealots, inquisitors, traitors, renegades, heretics, apostates, and holy writ." He highlights one of the major differences as being the importance and dominance of "the party" in Communism, which could survive changes in leadership (although the leader was very important), compared to the cult of the individual in Fascism. Obviously this aided the longevity of the Communist states but what would have happened in Germany or Italy is debatable. Both these regimes lost the war and a leadership transition never occurred.
This idea of the religious nature of the two philosophers repeats throughout the book, often really adding nothing new. This repetition is one of the issues I have with this book. The other major problem is the writing style. When I come across this type of writing from academics, I often wonder whether it comes from erudition or obfuscation. Whatever the cause, be warned that you will regularly come across sentences like this: "In other words, the historicity of Marxism, the moment of the Marxist self-consciousness was central to reinventing the true value of negativity as a new space for the affirmation of particularity against the spurious universality glorified by the system." (Author's italics)
In the end, Tismaneanu decries the totalitarian regimes for their abandonment of simple, established distinctions between good and evil. He says of the collapse of the Soviet system: "the core value restored, cherished and promoted by the revolutions of 1989 was common sense." This book contains a lot of very good analysis and draws many sensible and enlightening lessons from a terrible time. It is a pity that it is written in such a way as to discourage a wider readership.
19 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
TELL ALL BOOK ABOUT THE BOLSHIES
By R. E. Cohen
The Devil In History by Vladimir Tismaneanu is a terrific analysis of Leninism and Stalinism and how they stand in comparison to Nazism and Fascism. I am still in the middle of reading it and page by page it is revealing and illuminating. It also has a message for today - but no spoilers - read it!
Cantor Bob
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